مطعوم الإنفلونزا؛ بدأ موسم الأنفلونزا، وإن كنت تعاني أنت أو طفلك من حساسية غذائية أو ربو، فعليك الإسراع إلى عيادة أخصائي الحساسية والمناعة لمناقشة إمكانية تلقيكم اللقاح أم لا.
مطعوم الإنفلونزا و أنواعه:
يجب أن يحصل كل شخص يبلغ من العمر 6 أشهر فما فوق على لقاح الأنفلونزا كل موسم، مع استثناءات نادرة يحددها الطبيب.
موسم الأنفلونزا 2021-2022، ستتوفر ثلاثة أنواع رئيسية من لقاحات الأنفلونزا:
- لقاحات الأنفلونزا المعطلة.
- (IIV4s) ولقاح الأنفلونزا المؤتلف (RIV4).
- مطعوم الأنفلونزا الحي المضعف، و يعطى عن طريق بخاخ الأنف.
إذ تمت الموافقة على لقاحات الأنفلونزا المختلفة لمختلف الفئات العمرية. و يجب ألا يحصل بعض الأشخاص (الحوامل والأشخاص الذين يعانون من بعض الحالات الصحية المزمنة ) على بعض أنواع لقاحات الأنفلونزا.
(وهناك من لا يسمح لهم بأخذ بتاتا وهم فئة ليست شائعة).
يجب أن يتلقى كل شخص يتم تطعيمه لقاحًا مناسبًا سنه وحالته الصحية. ولا يوجد تفضيل لأي لقاح على آخر، وم يعاني من التحسس الغذائي عليه أخذ الموافقة على المطعوم أم لا وشكل المطعوم من مقدم الرعاية الصحي فقط.
من يمكنه أخذ مطعوم الإنفلونزا ؟
تمت الموافقة على مطعوم الإنفلونزا بشكل عام لمعظم الأشخاص من مختلف الأعمار و يجب أن يحصل الجميع على لقاح مناسب لأعمارهم.
هناك مطاعيم الإنفلونزا المعطلة ذات الجرعات القياسية المعتمدة للأشخاص الذين تقل أعمارهم عن 6 أشهر.
إذ يسمح للحوامل والأشخاص الذين يعانون من حالات صحية مزمنة معينة الحصول على لقاح الأنفلونزا (بعد استشارة الطبيب).
وحتى الأشخاص المصابين برد فعل تحسسي تجاه البيض بإمكانهم الحصول على مطعوم الإنفلونزا تحت إشراف أخصائي الحساسية و المناعة.
الأشخاص الذي يجب ألا يحصلوا على مطعوم الإنفلونزا:
- الأطفال الذين تقل أعمارهم عن 6 أشهرإذ هم أصغر من أن يحصلوا على لقاح الأنفلونزا.
- يجب ألا يحصل الأشخاص المصابون بحساسية شديدة ومهددة للحياة تجاه أي مكون في لقاح الإنفلونزا على هذا اللقاح.
- قد يحتوي على الجيلاتين أو المضادات الحيوية أو مكونات أخرى. (راجع أخصائي الحساسية والمناعة ) لاستشارته.
- الأشخاص الذين عانوا من رد فعل تحسسي شديد تجاه جرعة من لقاح الإنفلونزا يمنع من تلقي لقاحات الإنفلونزا الأخرى.
احذر قبل أخذ اللقاح أو التفكير به ؟
الأشخاص الذين يجب عليهم التحدث إلى مقدم الرعاية الصحية قبل الحصول على لقاح الأنفلونزا:
- إذا كنت تعاني من حساسية فورية أو شديدة تجاه البيض أو أي من مكونات اللقاح. تحدث إلى الطبيبك عن حساسيتك.
- إذا كنت مصابًا بمتلازمة غيلان باريه وهو مرض شلل حاد يُسمى أيضًا GBS). )فلا يحصل بعض الأشخاص الذين لديهم تاريخ من GBS على مطعوم الإنفلونزا. تحدث إلى طبيبك حول تاريخ GBS الخاص بك.
- إذا لم تكن على ما يرام ، فتحدث إلى طبيبك عن الأعراض التي تعاني منها.
حساسية البيض ولقاح الانفلونزا
أظهرت الدراسات الحديثة أنه حتى الأفراد المصابين بحساسية البيض المؤكدة يمكنهم تلقي لقاح الإنفلونزا بأمان. تشير الأكاديمية الأمريكية للحساسية والربو والمناعة وكذلك الأكاديمية الأمريكية لطب الأطفال إلى أنه لا توجد احتياطات خاصة مطلوبة لإعطاء مطعوم الأنفلونزا حساسية البيض.
يجب على المصابين وأولياء الأمور إخبار مقدمي الخدمة إذا كانوا هم أو أطفالهم قد تعرضوا لرد فعل سلبي تجاه جرعة سابقة من لقاح الإنفلونزا نفسه.
يجب اتباع الاحتياطات العادية لإعطاء أي لقاح لأي مريض، أي إدراك أن حوالي جرعة واحدة من كل مليون جرعة من أي لقاح تؤدي إلى تفاعل تحسسي خطير ، ويجب أن يكون مقدمو اللقاحات على استعداد للتعرف على هذه التفاعلات ومعالجتها.
( باختصار الدراسات الحديثة تؤكد إمكانية حصول المصاب بالحساسية تجاه البيض على مطعوم الانفلونزا، لكن لا يستطيع أخذ المطعوم على عاتقه ودون إشراف مباشر من قبل أخصائي الحساسية والمناعة، وتحت مراقبة من قبل طاقم مجهز ، في المستشفى).
ما أهمية مطعوم الإنفلونزا لمريض الربو؟
الربو هو مرض تنفسي مزمن، ينتج عن وجود التهاب وتشنج في المسالك الهوائية، مما يؤدي إلى انسدادها، وهو يصيب الذكور والإناث في جميع مراحل العمر، ويتمثل في سرعة التنفس و(كرشة النفس) والكحة وكتمة الصدر.
ويرتبط الربو بشكل كبير بأمراض الحساسية، ويصيب الأشخاص وخاصة الأطفال، الذين لديهم عوامل وراثية لبعض المواد المثيرة للحساسية، كالغبار والقطط والفئران والصراصير.
وأفادت دراسة كندية حديثة، أن تطعيم الأطفال المصابين بالربو ضد الأنفلونزا بشكل منتظم، يمكن أن يقلل بشكل كبير من خطر دخولهم المستشفى بسبب فشل علاجات الربو في ذلك الوقت، ويحميهم من مضاعفات المرض.
الدراسة أجراها باحثون بجامعة مونتريال الكندية، ونشروا نتائجها في مجلة .(Pediatrics)
وأوضح الباحثون أن مرض الربو وفيروسات الجهاز التنفسي لا يتفقان معًا، وغالبا ما تفشل علاجات الربو حينما يكون الطفل مصابًا بنزلات البرد والأنفلونزا، ويلجأ الأطباء لعلاجه في المستشفى، وخاصة في مرحلة ما قبل المدرسة.
ووجد الباحثون أن الأطفال المصابون بالأنفلونزا معرضون بنسبة 37% لعدم الاستجابة لعلاج الربو، بالمقارنة مع 13% من الأطفال غير المصابين بالأنفلونزا.
ووجدوا أيضًا أن مطعوم الأنفلونزا السنوي ساعد الأطفال المصابين بالربو على الوقاية من الفيروس، وبالتالي ساهم في تحسين فاعلية علاجات الربو في غرف الطوارئ.
ووفقًا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، فإن الإنفلونزا الموسمية تتسبب في 3 إلى 5 ملايين حالة إصابة خطيرة كل عام حول العالم، وما يتجاوز نصف مليون حالة وفاة، علاوة على الآثار الاقتصادية الضخمة.
وتختلف سياسات التطعيم من بلد لآخر، لكن غالبًا ما يوصى بتطعيم من هم أكثر عرضة لمضاعفات الأنفلونزا مثل الحوامل وكبار السن، ويؤخذ التطعيم في العادة قبل بدء موسم الشتاء.
هل يتسبب مطعوم الإنفلونزا بإصابة الشخص بالحساسية الغذائية؟
لا تسبب اللقاحات بالحساسية تجاه الطعام ، ولكن قد يحتاج بعض الأشخاص الذين يعانون من الحساسية الغذائية الموجودة إلى توخي الحذر بشأن بعض اللقاحات ، لأنها تحتوي على مكونات يمكن أن تسبب لهم رد فعل تحسسي.
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